Centripetal Force & Inertia: Friction provides centripetal force. When maximum static friction is exceeded, the ball travels off along the tangent line (at 90° to radius $r$) due to inertia.
Kinematics Data Logging: System records centroid coordinates $(x, y)$ over time $t$. Verify if velocity vector $\vec{v}$ remains perpendicular ($90^\circ$) to radius $\vec{r}$ at release.
Lab Task: Vary initial radius $r$ on the disc and analyze its effect on release tangential velocity $v$ (verifying $v = r\omega$).
RGB vs HSV Color Space: RGB is highly sensitive to lighting changes. HSV separates "Hue" from "Value", minimizing shadows and glare interference.
Algorithmic Trade-off: Neural networks take 30–50ms per frame (20 FPS), causing motion blur. HSV thresholding takes only 1–2ms, maintaining real-time 60 FPS high-speed tracking.
Thresholding & Centroid: Converts pixels matching HSV range into a white mask and computes average pixel coordinates to find centroid $(\bar{x}, \bar{y})$.